The Modern Mathematics of Deep Learning

Closed intervals

Penguin learning project

The project uses 342 complete Palmer penguin records: 240 training-pool and 102 held-out rows. The selected training rows determine feature scaling and model parameters. Source CSV

This project trains weights with softmax, unlike the homepage lab, which uses nearest species averages. Same penguin measurements; different classification methods. Predictions can differ.

Sets and notation · Describe domains, indices and membership.

Project vectors have two features; the training matrix has n rows and two columns. Mathematical tools may operate on these values when their assumptions apply.

Consider this concept alongside the project; its source assumptions may differ. These observations do not prove a theorem.

Input: 12 × 2; Held-out evaluation: 102 · #58 · 40.6 mm, 193 mm. Known answer: Adélie; Prediction: Adélie · [≈0.7383, ≈0.2444, ≈0.01737].

Used in these source sections: 3.1 A rule based on distance · 3.2 Simple pieces, many layers · 6.2 Shortcuts between layers · More source sections

A closed interval includes both endpoints and all real numbers between them.

An interval states the allowed range of a value.

Source formula example

[0,1]

illustration · The example checks [0,1]; other endpoints use the same inclusive rule.

Symbols

$[a,b]$: All real numbers at least a and at most b.
$s, cᵢ$: Real values restricted to the interval in the source.

Source formula example

This source example uses its own inputs and assumptions. Editing it does not change the project.

Edit a value or the code, then run the example. This is a finite demonstration, not a proof of the paper’s theorem.

This example’s data flow

Initial values in code

interval = [0, 1]
x = 0.5

Calculated here

Result expression: { interval, x, belongs: x >= interval[0] && x <= interval[1] }

Returns

Example result

interval: array (2 items): [0, 1]
x: 0.5
belongs: true

JavaScript

Read numbers from input and return the result. JavaScript basics.

Result

Enable JavaScript to run this example.

Technical statement

The numerical values are invented. The example checks [0,1]; other endpoints use the same inclusive rule.

Source: Inline notation