The Modern Mathematics of Deep Learning

Parameters versus examples

Penguin learning project

The project uses 342 complete Palmer penguin records: 240 training-pool and 102 held-out rows. The selected training rows determine feature scaling and model parameters. Source CSV

This project trains weights with softmax, unlike the homepage lab, which uses nearest species averages. Same penguin measurements; different classification methods. Predictions can differ.

Model classes and structure · Describe families of rules, their size and structural properties.

The project supplies finite observations and fitted parameters. A held-out sample does not establish population bounds or prove a theorem.

Consider this concept alongside the project; its source assumptions may differ. These observations do not prove a theorem.

Input: 12 × 2; Held-out evaluation: 102 · #58 · 40.6 mm, 193 mm. Known answer: Adélie; Prediction: Adélie · [≈0.7383, ≈0.2444, ≈0.01737].

Used in these source sections: 2.1 A view through similarity

P(N) ≫ m indicates that the number of parameters is much larger than the number of training examples.

This relation describes an overparameterized regime.

Source formula example

P(N)\gg m

illustration · A ratio of 100 illustrates the relation; it does not supply a formal threshold or prove lazy training.

Symbols

$P(N)$: Parameter count.
$m$: Number of examples.
$≫$: Much greater than; no universal numerical cutoff is specified.

Source formula example

This source example uses its own inputs and assumptions. Editing it does not change the project.

Edit a value or the code, then run the example. This is a finite demonstration, not a proof of the paper’s theorem.

This example’s data flow

Initial values in code

parameterCount = 1000
sampleSize = 10

Calculated here

Result expression: { parameterCount, sampleSize, ratio: parameterCount / sampleSize }

Returns

Example result

parameterCount: 1000
sampleSize: 10
ratio: 100

JavaScript

Read numbers from input and return the result. JavaScript basics.

Result

Enable JavaScript to run this example.

Technical statement

The numerical values are invented. A ratio of 100 illustrates the relation; it does not supply a formal threshold or prove lazy training.

Source: Inline notation